Which common dental issue is characterized by pain, swelling, and infection?

Pulpitis is characterized by pain, swelling, and infection in the dental pulp, which is the innermost part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels. This condition typically arises from untreated cavities, trauma, or extensive decay that reaches the pulp and allows bacteria to invade. The inflammation of the pulp leads to significant discomfort and can manifest as sharp or throbbing pain, swelling of the surrounding tissues, and sometimes systemic signs of infection like fever or malaise.

In contrast, gingivitis primarily involves inflammation of the gums without direct involvement of the tooth's pulp and typically does not present with the severe symptoms associated with pulpitis. A cavity refers to the localized decay of tooth structure but does not directly involve pain and swelling unless it progresses to cause pulpitis. Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental condition resulting in thin or absent enamel, which is not associated with infection or acute pain but rather with potential susceptibility to decay and sensitivity. Thus, pulpitis unequivocally embodies the specific symptoms of pain, swelling, and infection among the listed issues.